近代华北农村社会的变迁与换工——以劳动力、畜力间的对等交换为中心
张思
南开大学历史学院, 天津 300071
起止页码: 1--9页
DOI:
摘要：
换工作为一种农家之间相互交换役畜和劳力的农耕结合习惯广泛流行于近代华北农村，那些土地不多、经营能力不强的农家依靠换工习惯来解决农耕生产上的劳力与畜力不足的问题。换工可细分为农家间的劳动力与劳动力交换、劳动力与畜力交换、畜力与畜力交换以及劳动力与劳动力·畜力相交换等多种形式。考察20世纪华北农村的换工习惯，可以窥见该时期乡村社会的变迁和时代动向。随着社会生活节奏的加快及农民生活日见窘迫，换工习惯以其合理性、对等性及灵便性特点而被农民们普遍接受。华北的农民为了适应时代变化，乐于采用那些即战即决、少受束缚的农耕结合方式。
Social Changes and Labor Force Exchange in Rural Society of Northern China in Modern Times——Centered on the Equivalent Exchange Between Labor Force and Livestock
ZHANG Si
College of History, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
Abstract:
Labor exchange was a popular practice in Northern China in Modern Times as a mechanism of exchanging between livestock and labor in daily farm work.It helps those peasant families who lack farmland or farming capacity to solve the problem of shortage in labor force or livestock.Labor force exchange can be subdivided into various forms,such as the exchange between labor and labor,exchange between labor and livestock,and between livestock and livestock or between labor and labor plus livestock. Social development trend and changes can be perceived by observing the labor force exchange custom in rural areas of Northern China in the 20th century.With the accelerated pace of life and peasants'living situation getting worse,labor exchange was broadly accepted because of its rationality,reciprocity and flexibility. Peasants in Northern China prefer the labor exchange or other kind of farming mode which is less bounded and has better flexibility.
收稿日期: 2012-08-31
基金项目: 教育部人文社科研究基地重大项目《现代中国的日常生活》（11JJD770026）
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